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《天神镇》采集效率及建筑生产效率影响因素介绍

2021-07-27 作者: admin 来源:网络 整理:游戏131(www.youxi131.com)

影响室内环境污染物采样效率因素有哪些?

:(1)根据污染物存在状态选择合适的采样方法和仪器;(2)根据污染物的理化性质选择吸收液、填充剂或各种滤料;

影响精馏塔顶效率及生产能力的因素有哪些?

影响精馏操作的主要因素
1.物料平衡的影响和制约
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根据精馏塔的总物料衡算可知,对于一定的原料液流量F和组成xF,只要确定了分离程度xD和xW,馏出液流量D和釜残液流量W也就被确定了。
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采出率D/F:

D/F=(xF-xW)/(xD-xW)
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不能任意增减,否则进、出塔的两个组分的量不平衡,必然导致塔内组成变化,操作波动,使操作不能达到预期的分离要求。
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在精馏塔的操作中,需维持塔顶和塔底产品的稳定,保持精馏装置的物料平衡是精馏塔稳态操作的必要条件。通常由塔底液位来控制精馏塔的物料平衡。
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2、塔顶回流的影响
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回流比是影响精馏塔分离效果的主要因素,生产中经常用回流比来调节、控制产品的质量。
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当回流比增大时,精馏产品质量提高;
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当回流比减小时,xD减小而xW增大,使分离效果变差。
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回流比增加,使塔内上升蒸汽量及下降液体量均增加,若塔内汽液负荷超过允许值,则可能引起塔板效率下降,此时应减小原料液流量。
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调节回流比的方法可有如下几种。
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(1)减少塔顶采出量以增大回流比。
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(2)塔顶冷凝器为分凝器时,可增加塔顶冷剂的用量,以提高凝液量,增大回流比。
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(3)有回流液中间贮槽的强制回流,可暂时加大回流量,以提高回流比,但不得将回流贮槽抽空。
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必须注意,在馏出液采出率D/F规定的条件下,籍增加回流比R以提高xD的的方法并非总是有效。
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加大操作回流比意味着加大蒸发量与冷凝量,这些数值还将受到塔釜及冷凝器的传热面的限制。
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3.进料热状况的影响
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当进料状况(xF和q)发生变化时,应适当改变进料位置,并及时调节回流比R。一般精馏塔常设几个进料位置,以适应生产中进料状况,保证在精馏塔的适宜位置进料。如进料状况改变而进料位置不变,必然引起馏出液和釜残液组成的变化。
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进料情况对精馏操作有着重要意义。常见的进料状况有五种,不同的进料状况,都显著地直接影响提馏段的回流量和塔内的汽液平衡。
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精馏塔较为理想的进料状况是泡点进料,它较为经济和最为常用。
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对特定的精馏塔,若xF减小,则将使xD和xW均减小,欲保持xD不变,则应增大回流比。
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4.塔釜温度的影响
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釜温是由釜压和物料组成决定的。精馏过程中,只有保持规定的釜温,才能确保产品质量。因此釜温是精馏操作中重要的控制指标之一。
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提高塔釜温度时,则使塔内液相中易挥发组分减少,同时,并使上升蒸汽的速度增大,有利于提高传质效率。
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如果由塔顶得到产品,则塔釜排出难挥发物中,易挥发组分减少,损失减少;
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如果塔釜排出物为产品,则可提高产品质量,但塔顶排出的易挥发组分中夹带的难挥发组分增多,从而增大损失。
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在提高温度的时候,既要考虑到产品的质量,又要考虑到工艺损失。一般情况下,操作习惯于用温度来提高产品质量,降低工艺损失。

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当釜温变化时,通常是用改变蒸发釜的加热蒸汽量,将釜温调节至正常。
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当釜温低于规定值时,应加大蒸汽用量,以提高釜液的汽化量,使釜液中重组分的含量相对增加,泡点提高,釜温提高。
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当釜温高于规定值时,应减少蒸汽用量,以减少釜液的汽化量,使釜液中轻组分的含量相对增加,泡点降低,釜温降低。
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此外还有与液位串级调节的方法等。
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5.操作压力的影响
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塔的压力是精馏塔主要的控制指标之一。在精馏操作中,常常规定了操作压力的调节范围。塔压波动过大,就会破坏全塔的气液平衡和物料平衡,使产品达不到所要求的质量。
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提高操作压力,可以相应地提高塔的生产能力,操作稳定。但在塔釜难挥发产品中,易挥发组分含量增加。如果从塔顶得到产品,则可提高产品的质量和易挥发组分的浓度。
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影响塔压变化的因素:塔顶温度,塔釜温度、进料组成、进料流量、回流量、冷剂量、冷剂压力等的变化以及仪表故障、设备和管道的冻堵等
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对于常压塔的压力控制,主要有以下三种方法。
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(1)对塔顶压力在稳定性要求不高的情况下,无需安装压力控制系统,应当在精馏设备(冷凝器或回流罐)上设置一个通大气的管道,以保证塔内压力接近于大气压。
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(2)对塔顶压力的稳定性要求较高或被分离的物料不能和空气接触时,若塔顶冷凝器为全凝器时,塔压多是靠冷剂量的大小来调节。
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(3)用调节塔釜加热蒸汽量的方法来调节塔釜的气相压力。
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在生产中,当塔压变化时,控制塔压的调节机构就会自动动作,使塔压恢复正常。
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当塔压发生变化时,首先要判断引起变化的原因,而不要简单地只从调节上使塔压恢复正常,要从根本上消除变化的原因,才能不破坏塔的正常操作。

建筑实务中影响劳动效率有哪些因素

劳动生产率的状况是由社会生产力的发展水平决定的。 具体说,决定劳动生产率高低的因素主要有: ①劳动者的平均熟练程度。劳动者的平均熟练程度越高,劳动生产率就越高。劳动者的平均熟练程度不仅指劳动实际操作技术

影响企业生产线效率因素有哪些?

影响企业生产线效率的因素:

1、人员。

2、设备工装。

3、现场物流。

4、工艺品质。

5、现场管理。

提高生产线的生产效率:

1、解除瓶颈生产工序。

2、实施绩效、计件薪酬。

3、鼓励员工自检与互检。

4、建立灵活的生产组织体系,以生产组织架构和运作为主体,而展开的一系列综合应用活动的形式和要素,它的最终目的是在保证质量良好地完成生产任务的前提下使全体人员得到以发展。

5、达成计划并增产:生产前的准备工作要充分(人员,机器,设备,材料,工艺,现场);控制拉速得当,保持人员作业时有适度的紧迫感,不要松懈;及时确认产量,并填写看板;控制不良品,及时纠正。

影响挤出机生产效率因素

双螺杆挤出机:
物料混合工段:配方和辅料要确保正确,避免物料混错情况的发生。
送料管道及料斗:管线无破损,料斗内应装有磁力架,可吸收铁屑等物质。
参数设置:主机参数如螺杆转速与未了频率要匹配,电流达到额定电流的80%为佳,各加热区温度应精确控制到所需区间。
辅机和侧喂料:各辅机如真空泵、冷却水泵、循环水泵、油泵要运转正常。
料带冷却系统:应保证料带冷却充分,防止造粒后粒子结块现象。
造粒系统:切粒机频率及转速应与挤出机的挤出速度匹配,可防止料带掉条和粒子不合格问题的产生。
人的因素:设备的主人是人,操作员应具备相应的操作技能和必要的机械及品质控制常识。养成经常巡检和维护日常设备的习惯。
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